which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?

Overview

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. A tear or hole in the membrane that covers these structures causes the CSF to leak out. — Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak occurs when CSF escapes through a small-scale tear or hole in the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal string chosen the dura mater.

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a articulate fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It cushions the encephalon and spinal string from injury and likewise serves as a nutrient commitment and waste removal system for the brain. CSF is manufactured continuously in areas of the brain called ventricles and is absorbed by the bloodstream.

What is a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak occurs when CSF escapes through a small tear or pigsty in the outermost layer of connective tissue (chosen the dura mater) that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and holds in the CSF. The tear or pigsty allows the CSF to leak out.

The loss of CSF causes the previously cushioned encephalon to sag within the skull, which results in a headache. Loss of fluid also causes a lowering of pressure within the skull, a condition called intracranial hypotension.

CSF leaks can occur in the brain (cranial CSF leak) or at whatever signal along the spinal cavalcade (spinal CSF leak).

How common is a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are a rare event. Researchers estimate that they occur in about 5 in every 100,000 people. All the same, they also believe that this is an underestimate and that the true number of people affected remains unknown. They are mostly institute in people in their 30s and 40s. CSF leaks are commonly misdiagnosed every bit migraines, other headache disorders or sinusitis.

Are sure people more prone to a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak?

Anyone can get a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. However, they tend to occur more often in:

Women
People with certain connective tissue disorders such equally Ehlers-Danlos and Marfan syndromes
People who are obese or have high blood pressure

What are the complications from having a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak?

Meningitis is the nigh significant hazard associated with cranial CSF leaks. There is no increased adventure of meningitis with a spinal CSF leak.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak?

Many cases of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak take no known causes. This is called a spontaneous CSF leak. The post-obit are other possible common causes:

Head trauma or spine injury
Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
History of epidurals or spinal catheters
Certain head and spine surgeries
Epidural injection (for pain relief)
Skull base defects (such as meningoencephaloceles)
High pressure intracranial hydrocephalus (an abnormal buildup of CSF in the brain)
Underlying and untreated intracranial hypertension (elevated pressure in the brain fluid)
Underlying and untreated connective tissue diseases, such equally Ehlers-Danlos and Marfan syndromes
Bone spurs along the spine

What are the symptoms of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak?

Symptoms of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak tin include:

Headache, which feels worse when sitting upwards or standing and better when laying down; may come on gradually or suddenly
Vision changes (blurred vision, double vision, visual field changes)
Hearing changes/ringing in ears
Sensitivity to light
Sensitivity to audio
Remainder bug
Neck stiffness and pain
Nausea and airsickness
Pain between the shoulder blades
Arm hurting

In addition to these symptoms, other symptoms unique to cranial CSF leaks include:

Clear, watery drainage usually from only i side of the olfactory organ or ane ear when tilting the caput forwards
Salty or metal taste in oral fissure
Drainage down back of throat
Loss of smell

Diagnosis and Tests

How are cranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks diagnosed?

Your doctor will perform a history and concrete exam. Ofttimes, the dr. will examine your olfactory organ with an endoscope. Your doctor may as well inquire you to lean forrad for several minutes to see if drainage comes out your nose. If the drainage can be collected, it is oft sent for laboratory testing to confirm that it is cerebrospinal fluid. Your ears volition also be examined. One or more of the following other tests may be ordered to make up one's mind the location of the leak every bit well as changes in structures and features in the brain or spinal cord expanse:

Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs)
Myelography
Cisternography
Lumbar puncture (to measure the force per unit area and corporeality of CSF)

Management and Treatment

What is the treatment for a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak?

Treatment options for a CSF leak depend on its cause and the location of the leak (cranial vs spine). In general, conservative treatments are usually tried first for leaks at either location.

Conservative treatments

Bed rest (days to upwardly to 2 weeks)
Hydration (ii to 3 quarts)
IV caffeine infusions
Saline infusions

Additional instructions for patients with cranial CSF leaks are to avoid coughing, sneezing, nose blowing, heavy lifting and to accept stool softeners to avoid straining during bowel movements.

Surgical treatments

If bourgeois treatments are not successful in stopping the leak, more than invasive procedures are tried.

Cranial CSF leaks. Repair of cranial CSF leaks depend on the size and the location of the leak. CSF leaks from your nose can usually be repaired using nasal endoscopy (using a photographic camera and a thin long lens through your nostril). CSF leaks into your ear will usually demand the use of a microscope. Options including using a synthetic graft; using a piece of your own tissue including fat, muscle, and mucosal lining; or using a flap of tissue. In add-on, various surgical adhesives (glues) and bony cement could likewise be used. If hydrocephalus is suspected to be the cause of the CSF leak, a lumbar drain may besides be placed in the lower back to subtract intracranial force per unit area.

Spinal CSF leaks. Later on conservative treatments have been tried, an epidural blood patch is the most mutual handling for spinal CSF leaks. In this process, your own blood is injected into the spinal canal. The blood clot that forms creates a seal to terminate the leak. If several attempts of epidural blood patches do non piece of work, other grafting materials, such every bit epidural fibrin gum, or fat or muscle patches, may be tried. If these methods are not successful, other surgical approaches to repair the leak include using stitches (sutures) or aneurysm clips.

What precautions should I accept post-obit a CSF leak repaired?

Your dr. will give you additional instructions, just these are likewise some reasonable precautions to follow for 4 to 6 weeks later on your CSF leak repair:

Avert lifting anything over 10 pounds
Avert bending, lifting, stretching and twisting
Avoid straining to accept bowel movements; a stool softener is often prescribed
Avoid coughing and sneezing, but if you must, do and then with your mouth open up
Practise not blow your nose
Avoid employ of straws
Keep your dorsum directly during all movements (bend at knees and hips)

Source: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16854-cerebrospinal-fluid-csf-leak

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